---
title: Primary TMR Improves Pain and Ambulation Post-Amputation
description: In a recent study, targeted muscle reinnervation at the time of amputation reduced painful neuromas, which may lead to phantom limb or residual limb pain in patients with underlying conditions.
image: https://www.tmrnerve.com/hubfs/AdobeStock_213198412.jpeg
---

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##### January 13, 2022

# TMR Holds Promise for Post-Amputation Pain Relief in Patients with Underlying Health Conditions

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A new study has concluded that Targeted Muscle Reinnervation (TMR) performed at the time of [lower-limb amputation ](https://www.tmrnerve.com/lower-extremity-pain)may contribute to improved outcomes in patients who have certain underlying health conditions. TMR is a surgical procedure that redirects severed nerves to prevent and treat post-amputation pain, including phantom limb pain and residual limb pain. The study, “[Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Improves Pain and Ambulation Outcomes in Highly](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34398088/) [Comorbid Amputees](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34398088/),” was published in the August 2021 issue of the *Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery*.

Several previous studies have demonstrated the benefit of TMR for pain in amputation. However, the patients studied were generally younger and healthier. This study is the first to examine the use of TMR for pain in patients with advanced vascular disease or wound infection, who make up 80% of amputees.

###### **A Better Chance for Pain-Free Outcomes**

The study investigators set out to discover the effect of “primary” TMR, which refers to when targeted muscle reinnervation is performed at the time of amputation, on lower-extremity amputees who suffer from diseases such as diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, and kidney disease. Primary TMR has the goal of preventing post-amputation pain by reconnecting severed nerves during the amputation surgery. The reconnected nerves are then less likely to form painful neuromas that may lead to phantom limb or residual limb pain.

They compared 200 patients who had a below-the-knee amputation. The average age of the patients was 60 years old. Eighty-four percent of the patients studied had diabetes, 55% had peripheral vascular disease, and 43% had end-stage renal disease. Half of the patients received TMR at the time of their amputation, and the other half were treated with other methods. The investigators then evaluated the patients for the presence and severity of post-amputation pain, opioid use, ambulation (ability to walk), and mortality.

Study results suggest that TMR performed at the time of surgery increases the possibility of a pain-free outcome. Overall, a significantly higher percentage of patients (71%) who had TMR were pain-free following surgery, compared to those who did not (36%).

- Fourteen percent of patients who had TMR experienced residual limb (stump) pain, compared to 57% of those who did not.
- Nineteen percent of patients who received TMR experienced phantom limb pain, compared to 47% of patients who did not receive TMR.

###### **Reduced Opioid Dependence and Improved Mobility**

Study results also suggested that TMR at the time of surgery can reduce the dependence on opioid use for pain. Within one month of follow-up, only 6% of TMR patients were taking opioids compared to 24% of patients who did not receive TMR. In addition, the TMR patient group was more mobile, demonstrating higher rates of ambulation than the non-TMR group.

At follow-up, 90% of patients who received TMR were able to walk; none of the patients who were unable to walk were non-ambulatory because of pain. Of the patients who did not receive TMR, a lower percentage (70%) were able to walk at follow-up; 12% were unable to walk due to uncontrollable pain.

The benefits observed (reduced pain, reduced opioid use, increased mobility) support performing TMR at the time of amputation in this patient population, the study concluded.

 

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Written by [TMRnerve.com Staff](https://www.tmrnerve.com/blog/author/tmr-nerve)

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Targeted Muscle Reinnervation (TMR) is a surgical treatment that is gaining acceptance for nerve pain associated with amputation. 

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TMR is not a treatment option for patients with spinal cord injuries, brachial plexus injuries, or who are generally not healthy enough for surgery. The procedure does present typical risks of surgery. Patients may experience a temporary increase in pain as part of the nerve healing process. Your physician will help you determine whether TMR is right for you.

Gregory Dumanian, MD, is medical director of TMRnerve.com. He is a paid consultant of Checkpoint Surgical, Inc.

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